Deepak Meher1, Mithilesh Singh2, Bibekananda Meher3*
1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India.
3RITEE College of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: meherpharm@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Boerhavia diffusa and Asparagus racemosus plant extracts were evaluated for antidiabetic effects in STZ-low-dosed and high-fat diet induced diabetic rats. Rats weighing between 200 - 250g are selected for antidiabetic activity and divided randomly in to six groups normal control, diabetic Control, standard control (glibenclamide, 2.5mg/kg), Boerhavia diffusa extract (200mg/kg), Asparagus racemosus extract (200mg/kg), one group with both the test drug with five animals in each group. High-fat diet was initially given for 4 weeks. Low-dose STZ, i.e, 35mg/kg, was given for the induction of diabetes. Treatment was given for 15 days. Results show a significant (P˂0.05) improvement when compared with the diabetic control group.
KEYWORDS: Boerhavia diffusa, Asparagus recemosus, Antidiabetic, Lipid profile, Glycogen.
INTRODUCTION:
Diabetes is the oldest known ailment. Sushruta used the term “Madhumeha” for diabetes in the 6th century. He describes it as the disease of the rich, produced by the superstructure of rice, flour, and sugar.1 The term diabetic describes metabolic disorders with heterogeneous pathogenesis characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and the inability to metabolize carbohydrate, protein, and fat resistant to insulin action, or both.2 By impairing insulin secretion. Today, many drugs come from plants.3
Plants are the main sources of many traditional drugs.4 Biologically active ingredients that can be used with traditional diabetic treatments5 and/or controlling diabetes can be direct or indirect.6 B diffusa is used traditionally by tribal people. Its medical value is mentioned in Ayurveda.7
A racemosus (also known as Satavar, Shatavari, or Shatamull, Shatavari) is a wide range of asparagus type in India and Northern Australia, and the Himalayas. It belongs to the Asparagaceae family.8
In the present investigation, the antidiabetic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of B diffusa and A racemosus was evaluated against STZ and HFD induced diabetic Wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection and extraction:
Plants of B. diffusa and A racemosus from the Raipur region of India. Certified by Prof. NK Dubey, “Centre of Advance study in Botany, BHU, Varanasi, UP, India.” (Voucher copy no: Liliaceae.2023/01 and Nyctageneceae 2023/01).
Preparation extracts:
Dry powders were extracted with ethanol and water (8:2) by cold maceration process by 3 orbital shacking. Solvent was removed by using rotary evaporator at 40-50°C, under reduced pressure.
Experimental animals:
Wistar albino rats aged 3-4 months, 180-200g were housed in PP cages, temp of 25°C±2°C. 12-hour light: dark cycle was maintained with food and water provided ad libitum. With IAEC approval number: RCPSR/2024/IAEC/21.
Induction of diabetes:
Animals were given an HFD in pellet form for 4 weeks. Four weeks later, one intraperitoneal injection (35 mg/kg) of freshly produced Streptozotocin (0.1M citrate–phosphate buffer, pH 4.5; Sigma Aldrich) was administered. To prevent sudden hypoglycemia, animals were orally administered 10% glucose and 1% normal saline solution on the first day immediately following streptozotocin injection, the animals were given orally. After 2 days of induction of diabetic animals, treatment was started and calculated as day 1.9
Experimental design:
Five animals received normal diet, 25 animals supplied a HFD for 4 weeks, then STZ (35mg/kg). Animals with FBG more than 200mg/dL, were divided into
Groups: I Normal: Vehicle (1% CMC) in water
Groups: II Diabetic: HFD + STZ
Groups: III Glibenclamide (2.5mg/kg in CMC)
Groups: IV B diffusa: BD (200mg/kg in CMC) for 15 days.
Groups: V A racemosus AR (200mg/kg in CMC) for 15 days.
Groups: VI B diffusa + A racemosus diabetic animals treated with B diffusa and A racemosus (200mg/kg in CMC)
Sacrificed by overdose of ether anesthesia.
Statistical analysis One way ANOVA followed by Dunnet's multiple comparison test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the statistical analysis was performed using Graph pad Prism software version 05.
RESULTS:
Organoleptic:
B. diffusa leaves were dark green in colour, little bitter taste. without distinctive smell, little bitter in taste. The Fleshy tuber of A racemosus external surface was light brown in colour. Internal surface – creamy white in colour tuberous dark green in colour. It has a distinctive smell and taste.
Effect on blood glucose level:
Figure 1. Shows significant improvement in blood glucose level in treated rats, and an increased level in diabetic rats.
Effect on liver glycogen level:
Figure 2 shows liver glycogen levels. Glycogen level decreases significantly in diabetic rats. B. diffusa and A racemosus treated rats increase the glycogen considerably.
Effect on lipid profile:
Table 1 shows significantly elevated and altered lipid profiles in the serum of diabetic rats and improvement in treated rats.
Effect on Liver function:
Table 2 indicates significantly elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and Bilirubin levels in diabetic rats and a decline in treated rats.
Figure 1: Effect of B. diffusa and A racemosus extract on blood glucose level on HFD and STZ-induced and normal albino rats
Stated as Mean±SEM (n = 5); Values with * indicate SD (P< 0.05) between negative control and test, standard drug-treated group. ** indicate SD (P<0.05) for Normal control (NC) and Negative control STZ + HFD induced group
Figure 2: Effect of B. diffusa and A racemosus extract on glycogen level in HFD and STZ-induced and normal albino rats
Stated as Mean±SEM (n = 5); Values with *indicate SD (P < 0.05) between negative control and test, standard drug treated group. ** indicate SD (P< 0.05) with respect to Normal control (NC) and Negative control STZ + HFD induced group
Table: 1 Effect of B. diffusa and A racemosus extract on lipid profile of HFD & STZ induced and normal albino rats
|
GROUP |
Triglyceride |
LDL |
VLDL |
HDL |
TC |
|
Normal |
61.2 ± 1.07** |
72.2 ± 0.68** |
12. 24 ± 0.21** |
26.34 ± 1.14** |
111.18 ± 1.14** |
|
STZ+ HFD |
113.6 ± 1.60 |
132.4± 0.87 |
22.72 ± 0.12 |
12.72 ± 1.08 |
167.84 ± 1.81 |
|
STZ + HFD + Glib |
61.2 ± 2.08* |
102.2 ± 1.46* |
13.24 ± 0.41* |
22.4 ± 2.25* |
137.84 ±2.34* |
|
STZ + HFD + BD |
81.2 ± 1. 07* |
100.6 ± 1.03* |
20.12 ± 0.20* |
21.26± 1.71* |
136.9 ± 1.19* |
|
STZ + HFD + AR |
84.8 ± 4.05* |
109.2 ± 0.66* |
16.24 ± 0.21* |
21.06 ± 2.52* |
150.92 ± 2.36* |
|
STZ+HFD+BD+AR |
79.4 ± 1.12* |
94.6 ± 2.50* |
15.88 ± 0.22* |
23.06 ± 0.92* |
133.54 ± 3.13* |
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM (n = 5); Values with *indicate SD (P<0.05) between negative control and test, standard drug treated group. **indicate SD (P<0.05) for Normal control (NC) and Negative control STZ+HFD induced group
Table 2: Effect of B. diffusa and A racemosus extract on LFT of HFD and STZ induced and normal albino rats
|
GROUP |
SGOT |
SGPT |
ALP |
BIL |
|
Normal (CMC treated) |
28.8 ± 1.92** |
29.4± 1.03** |
166.8± 3.25** |
0.354±0.076** |
|
STZ+ HFD |
61.2 ±3.91 |
65.4± 1.78 |
397.2± 1.99 |
1.4±0.138 |
|
STZ + HFD + Glib |
31.4 ± 1.17* |
34.8± 1.2* |
186.4± 3.98* |
0.56±0.137* |
|
STZ + HFD + BD |
41.2 ±2.97* |
36.2± 2.87* |
188.4± 2.89* |
0.66±0.104* |
|
STZ + HFD +AR |
38.8±2.51* |
38.4±2.87* |
183.8± 2.87* |
0.71±0.075* |
|
STZ+HFD + BD +AR |
34.8±2.58* |
33.4±3.4* |
214.8±3.18* |
0.302±0.135* |
Stated as as Mean±SEM (n = 5); Values with *indicate SD (P < 0.05) between negative control and test, standard drug-treated group. ** indicate SD (P<0.05) with respect to NC and Negative control STZ + HFD induced group
DISCUSSION:
B. diffusa and A. racemosus showed edible properties due to their lack of pungent odor and taste. The Type 2 DM is characterized by reduced insulin secretion, resistance, and increased liver glucose production.10 Rats treated at low STZ doses followed by HFD, which leads to hyperglycemia similar to humans T2DM.11 The present results showed that B diffusa and A racemosus could significantly improve all parameters.
The administration of an HFD with STZ resulted development of T2DM.12,13 Considering available literature on B diffusa, A racemosus, an attempt was performed to assess the antihyperglycemic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of these plants and to determine the correlation between the reversal of blood glucose with their positive effect on lipid profile. Liver glycogen and liver function. As stated in the results, hydroalcoholic extract from B diffusa and A racemosus significantly (P<0.05) reduced blood glucose level. The lipid profile, glycogen level, and liver function markers have also been significantly improved in diabetic rats.
The glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver. Glycogen formation is regulated by insulin.14 Destruction of the islets of Langerhans cells leads to a decrease in glycogen level.15,16 Diabetic rats treated with B. diffusa and A racemosus significantly increase the liver glycogen by glycogen synthase.17,18
CONCLUSION:
Pharmacological analysis of B. diffusa and A racemosus demonstrates the antidiabetic potential in rats. Plant extracts are also examined for diabetic complications, such as hyperlipidemia and diabetic-induced liver damage. It was able to improve liver glycogen levels. It was observed to be a potential means of maintaining lipid profile and liver function. Treatment can be recommended for available drugs.
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Received on 17.04.2025 Revised on 13.08.2025 Accepted on 20.10.2025 Published on 20.05.2026 Available online from May 25, 2026 Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(5):2065-2067. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00296 © RJPT All right reserved
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